Quen Elizabeth I :: essays research papers

Queen Elizabeth I King Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon when the young girl Anne Boleyn caught his eye. Henry believed himself in love with the young Anne and was determined to end his marriage with the older Catherine. King Henry wanted an annulment from Catherine, yet to obtain one meant having the Pope’s approval. Catherine had a powerful connection to many such as the great emperor Charles V, the Pope would not offend such a man and denied King Henry his annulment to his Queen Catherine. King Henry discreetly engaged n an affair with the young Anne Boleyn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Henry and his advisors established their own church breaking away from th Catholic Church and formed the Church of England. King Henry now had full ecclesiastical power over England known as reformation. With king Henry’s new power over the church he would now obtain his anullument from Catherine of Aragon. 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Januaray of 1533 King Henry married his pregnant Anne, who was belived to be carrinying the male heir to the throne. â€Å"Both Henry and Anne believed with their whole heart that the child she was expecting was a boy, and had every reason to as the philosophers and astronomers assured the jubilant king   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scruton 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that this time he would have a son.† (Thomas, par. 4) To the disappointment of the King, Queen and her supporters Anne gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth Tudor. â€Å"Elizabeth's birth was one of the most exciting political events in 16th century European history; rarely had so much turmoil occurred on behalf of a mere infant.† (Englishhistory) 4 Elizabeth’s birth was greeted with little celebration, however three days later she had a grand Christening a Greenwich Palace. 'Henry, beside himself with disappointment, did not attend the christening.' 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Henry’s attitude towards his young wife changed aftr the birth of his Princess and he openly show his tiredness towards his Queen. His only heir was a young girl, and this was considered undesirable to have a woman ruler. France even had laws to prevent such an occurrence. Anne tried to have a son yet failed to do so miscarrying and then giving birth to a premature dead baby boy. Some have said that she lost her savior 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Anne had her second mishap Catherine of Aragon died leaving Henry wanted yet another wife in the hope of producing a male heir. Anne was charge with adultery, witchcraft, and incest in which the jury found her guilty and was sentenced to death by beheadment.

What is Black History Month?

Surprisingly, the answer to that seemingly simple question would have a multitude of different answers, varying in degrees from full support to total outrage, depending on who was asked. The extreme fluctuation in emotional reaction to what appears on the outside to be a month long celebration of heritage lies in the different opinions of some very complex issues. Arguments over the benefits versus harm, and the definition of black history itself are at the core of this heated debate.The month long focus on the history of Black Americans, known as Black History Month, was brought to life by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. Dr. Woodson, â€Å"one of the first black Americans to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard university† (Gearing Up For Black History Month, 2007), was disturbed in the lack of knowledge and availability of Black History in America of any kind. Woodson felt strongly about this lack of history for an entire ethnic group and felt the need to create a forum that would, â€Å"h ighlight the contributions of black Americans to our nation and the world.His goal was to bring to light the â€Å"‘hidden history and culture† of the American people, and through this special observance, help all Americans to appreciate their ethnic roots and develop a mutual respect among the races. † (Gearing Up for Black History Month, 2008) He chose the second week in February because of its association with two great men who had a great impact on the destiny of African Americans: Abraham Lincoln and abolitionist, Frederick Douglas. Today it is even more fitting that this remembrance beobserved in February, as it holds many great achievements for Black Americans including; the birth of a great civil rights leader W. E. B. DuBois, the month that the 15th amendment was passed allowing black’s to vote, the acceptance of the first black senator, and the death of militant leader Malcolm X, naming just a few. (Infoplease, 2009) From the beginning, Woodsonâ⠂¬â„¢s motivation in launching Negro History Week was an, â€Å"initiative to bring national attention to the contributions of black people throughout American history. † (â€Å"Black History Month†, 2000)Prior to that time Black history had been relatively unexplored except for the representation of blacks as slaves or in low and insignificant social positions. (Wikipedia, 2009). However, even from its inception as Negro History Week, this period of remembrance has been a source of contention. Annually, this heated debate over the, â€Å"continued usefulness and fairness of a designated month dedicated to the history of one race† (Wikipedia, 2009) has broken itself down into three major arguments. The first and most hotly debated topic is mainly that of purpose.What is the real underlying purpose of this celebration? One side proposes the benefits of self-identity while the other argues degradation of society. Those who argue on the side of identity feel strong ly that the affects of â€Å"historical amnesia† is the root of the problem. Their position that the long term affects of slavery on the mentality of the people had a more devastating effect than generally understood. (Pitre, 2002) Black History serves the purpose of helping African Americans understand themselves by looking at the uniqueness and origin of their history in relation to the development of world history.Black history would encourage Black Americans to embrace their personal identity as opposed to self-negating one's self (Karenga, 1982). (Pitre, 2002) Connecting with their larger past will give Black Americans the ability to see themselves as part of a repeating cycle of world history that is everchanging and full of opportunity for freedom and productivity. (Pitre, 2002) It is this great power for healing found in our histories that is so indispensable. For history is the substance and mirror of a people's humanity in others' eyes as well as in their own eyes.I t is then, not only what they have done, but also a reflection of who they are, what they can do, and equally important what they can become as a result of the past which reveals their possibilities (Karenga, 1982, 69). (Pitre, 2002) With the desire to let Black Americans have the opportunity to see themselves in a better, broader light and thus inspire all Americans to achieve to become better, proponents of Black History Month encourage schools and educators to enlighten the minds of America’s youth by learning about American history through another ethnic perspective.The aim of a multicultural education is not just an â€Å"appreciation for cultural diversity† (Pitre, 2002) but also a more compassionate perspective that will lead to a more equitable America. It is important to note, however, that in a quest for real multiculturism, learning about Black history is not merely a recitation of a handful of accomplished Black Americans. It is much more than a compilation of inspiring stories, and more of a frank and honest look at the often horrifying realities of the past. It is by looking at history in an unbiased way that truths can be taught, and real lessons learned.For example, one Southern high school committed to multicultural program fought back against the tendency to use a watered down method of inviting speakers with limited knowledge of Black American history or who teach history within the acceptable set framework of the dominant culture. Instead, the high school students chose a non-traditional, Islamic speaker to share historic facts and how they related to the struggles of Black Americans today. The result was outstanding. The reaction of the students was an emotional self-realization that resulted in a life-changing experience. (Pitre, 2002)However, this opportunity to candidly look at the past and see the effects it has had on the present appears to be the root of the problem for those that oppose the observance of Black History Month. Among some of the most ardent fears is the supposition that teaching students the realities of history will color both Europe and the U. S. as bad actors on the world stage. They accuse Black American scholars of having the intention of rewriting history. Disturbingly, at the same time they proffer the weak argument that taking time out for multicultural education takes time away from basic work skills education.(Pitre, 2002) Furthermore, they strongly suggest that teaching Blacks about the â€Å"historical injustices perpetrated against them† (Pitre, 2002) will inspire vengeance against Whites. Any program or curriculum that induces people of African descent to group themselves in opposition to White policies must be squashed in the name of our mutual safety as White people (Kincheloe & Steinberg, 1997, 7). (Pitre, 2002). In addition to these arguments are the attacks that the honoring of Black History Month is nothing more than an opportunity for a marketing device.U nfortunately, this is perfectly illustrated in a flyer encouraging the observance of Black History Month: A community is only as strong as the traditions that hold it together. Procter & Gamble products such as Tide, Bounce and Downy have been a part of the traditions celebrated by African-American families for generations. (Black History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes, 2005) Furthermore, this heated debate over the beneficial versus detrimental perspectives on Black History Month is often subsequently followed by the controversial question of, â€Å"What is Black History?† In one historians point of view, Black History should be understood as Black History that focuses on Black people, their identity, their culture, their social life, their psychology, and the way they have used these ethnic, group, and personal attributes to make history in America and to contribute to histories, countries, and peoples elsewhere on the globe. (Wright, 2002) This very important ideal holds that as Blacks uncover and reveal the truth of their history awareness of White people in American history will also be enlightened.By motivating Black historians to present the truth in a scholarly manner and thus provide the moral guidelines for Black political behavior in America, the racism that scarred the country and the attitudes and beliefs of its people can begin to heal. (Wright, 2002) This ever-present problem of seeking identity through the looking glass of the past is not just an American issue. In the United Kingdom, with large communities of many different ethnic groups the struggle to celebrate Black History Month sheds light on this question of identity in a much clearer way.In an effort to teach Black History and keep school programs alive, they have confronted the issue that their traditional teaching of Black History month focusing on Caribbean Black History is â€Å"failing to connect with the new migrant communities such as the Somalis. T he compelling questions are about making sense of a world whose problems seem dominated by historic questions of identity. †(Hunt, 2006) This search for identity runs deep. As Black Americans struggle to find an acceptable way to identify themselves today and build a stronger foundation for the future, the debate will go on.However, there are still some basic issues with name identity that appear to add to the confusion. For instance, just the identification as Blacks, Black Americans, African Americans, Afro Americans or the orthographical capitalization of the letter â€Å"B† as in black Americans, has caused a strain on the black American community. The suggestion by some black historians that all black Americans are African American became a popular reference even though most Blacks disagreed and saw themselves only as Black Americans, and not identifying themselves in relation to Africa at all.(Wright, 2002) Obviously identity is an important part of viewing not on ly the past, but more importantly, the future. Perhaps this is the reason there is so much disagreement and conjecture. Moreover, it is also obvious that until agreements and decisions can be made, the unity that is necessary to achieve the identity so desperately sought after will remain elusive. Regardless of the debate that forges on, and will one day find a resolution; it seems clear that whether it is black history or white history, it is all American history. ReferencesBlack History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes. (2005, February). Ebony, 60, 46+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5008550464 â€Å"Black History Month: the History of Black History. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 04 Mar. 2009 . Black History Month. (2009, March 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:05, March 4, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? tit le=Black_History_Month&oldid=274609871Gearing Up for Black History Month in February 2008. (2007, December). Curriculum Review, 47, 14+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5024613228 Hunt, T. (2006, October). Whose History Is It Anyway? as Part of the Ongoing Debate over Black History Month, Tristram Hunt Asks for Greater Dialogue between Politicians and Academics concerning the Place of History in Modern Britain. History Today, 56, 28+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5017655596 Pitre, A. , & Ray, R. (2002).The Controversy around Black History. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), 149+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000644111 Wright, W. D. (2002). Black History and Black Identity : A Call for a New Historiography /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. co m/PM. qst? a=o&d=101983241 Wright, W. D. (2002). Critical Reflections on Black History /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101985175

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin Great American Author and Historian

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin: Great American Author and Historian Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin (1914- ) holds many honorable positions and has received numerous awards for his notable work. He is one of Americas most eminent historians, the author of more than fifteen books and numerous articles on the history of the United States, as well as a creator of a television show. His editor-wife, Ruth Frankel Boorstin, a Wellesley graduate, has been his close collaborator. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Oklahoma, he received his undergraduate degree with highest honors from Harvard and his doctors degree from Yale. He has spent a great deal of his life abroad, first in England as a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford. More†¦show more content†¦His other works include The Mysterious Science of Law, The Genius of American Politics, and The Republic of Technology. In addition, he is the editor of An American Primer and the thirty volume series The Chicago History of American Civilization. His books have been translated into twenty-five languages (GBN Reviews, 1997). Most of Dr. Boorstins books are not written as conventional chronological histories. Instead, their brief chapters explore many disparate facets of American culture. The topics which he covers range from the new grammar, the rise of the candy bar and the moon landing, to the development of the cash register (Minskoff, 1973). He does not relate those facts simply because they are themselves interesting, amusing and enlightening - though they are that, too. He uses them all to help ask the questions that he strives to answer in most of his books: What has life come to mean and cease to mean to the late- twentieth century Americans? He makes history into a kind of national autobiography, reminding the people that they have made themselves what theyare. Dr. Boorstins most known book is probably The Americans: The Democratic Experience. The democracy that is described in this book has little to do with majority rule and minority rights. It is a full scale portrait of modern America, which describes not only theShow MoreRelatedFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 PagesAdvertising and the Therapeutic Roots of the Consumer Culture, 1880-1930 T. J. Jackson Lears Lears, T.J. Jackson 1983. From salvation to self-realization: Advertising and the therapeutic roots of the consumer culture, 1880-1930. In The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 18801980, ed. by Richard Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears, New York: Pantheon Books, 1-38. Reprinted with the permission of the author. 1On or about December 1910, Virginia Woolf once said, human characterRead MoreA Study On Responsiveness Of Customers Towards Print Media And Deliverable Satisfaction10259 Words   |  42 PagesCustomers towards Print Media and Deliverable Satisfaction† INTRODUCTION If you don t read the newspaper, you are uninformed, you are unexciting ; if you read the newspaper, you are well-informed and you are conversant. Daniel J Boorstin Today Newspapers are considered to be the best source of news and information. In many respects it is also a medium of communication among the peoples across the world. There are thousands of newspapers published around the world. Readers are

The Human Experience With Technology Essay - 715 Words

The Human Experience With Technology The world is full technology, almost everything you see is the result of technology. Our houses, cars, buildings, streets, lights, even simple things like spoons, pencils, and nail clippers are all examples of technology. We use it everyday without even think about how it affects us. We don?t think about how much a part of our society it has become, or what life would be like without it. We don?t question our technology once we become accustomed to it but maybe we should. We should think about what technology has brought us, and what it enables us to do. Is there anything dangerous about our dependence on technology? Of course there is. Being dependant on anything can be dangerous. The good†¦show more content†¦What rights will a human clone have? Whose responsibility will they be? We face questions and fears such as this when we use technology. These fears will, no doubt, not stop our efforts to make our lives easier and more comfortable because, technology brings us added comfort. Whether it is comfort in our homes or the comfort of knowing that we will not die if we get break a bone, we design most things with comfort as our ultimate goal. Regarding this issue Ms. Rodriguez noted, ?Why would we develop something that make our lives harder. She is right, why would we, were is the survival advantage? Human nature drives us to find ways to make our lives easier, that is part of what makes us human. However, some argue that the technology we design has a serious down side: stress. Has technology really added stress to our lives? I believe that it changed the nature of the stress. Instead of worrying about cave lions and wolves, we worry about traffic on the beltway and, how much money we have. For the most part, life threatening situations do not cause most of our stress. Instead we have lower level stresses that last longer. Stress in both forms leads to serious health problems. Let?s say that you are walking in the woods. Suddenly you spot a very large bear. Your pulse quickens, pupils dilate, you start to sweat, your body releases adrenaline, and your digestion stops: this is stress. Your body prepares you to fight orShow MoreRelatedNegatives About Technology887 Words   |  4 PagesHumans have dominated the Earth for thousands of years, we created a vibrant and wonderful world. However, as we continue developing ourselves, we also created something that slowly takes over humans’ world, technology. Technology is what human’s endeavor to make our lives convenient. Along with the development of human beings, technology is one of the shiniest stars in the human history. The impacts that technology brings to humans are controversial. Some people believe that technology providesRead MoreTechnology Is A Useful Servant, But A Dangerous Master866 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Technology is a useful servant, but a dangerous master.† – Christian Lous Lange. BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2015. 28 October 2015. Technology has been a debating topic since it has become a key part of the modern lifestyle. Technology developed around human life in various ways which have caused diverse effects on people. Despite the fact that technology have done tremendous things that assisted humankind to gain the possibility of developing rapidly an advanced way of life, technology haveRead MoreBusiness Technology Has Revolutionized The Means Corporations Conduct Business1620 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness technology has revolutionized the means corporations conduct business. Tiny businesses will implement business technology and level the enjoying field with larger organizations. 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Today, technology is making strides towards Lennon’s world. â€Å"Biohacking† is the marriage of biology with the hacker ethic. Not defined in mainstream dictionaries, the newly-coined term is used loosely. Biohacking refers to human body-enhance- ment, at-home gene sequencing, and managing the human body with medicine, nutrition, and electronics. â€Å"Biohackers,† also known as â€Å"grinders† or â€Å"transhumanists-in-practice,† seek to im- prove the human condition by manipulating and fusing human biology withRead MoreThe Flight From Conversation By Sherry Turkle1103 Words   |  5 Pagesonce said, †It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity†(Einstein). Everyday, technology is advancing at a rapid pace, improving many lives and making things more convenient. For instance, in Japan, robots have been created by researchers at the University of Tokyo to assist home chores. 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(U.S. Department of Education, 2008) Research has shown that teachers’ beliefs, comfort level and readiness to use technology play a crucial role in its implementation within a school setting. Other concerns such as technological literacy and perceivedRead MoreScience And Technology909 Words   |  4 PagesI will write how the thinking about science and technology implications especially on science education. Currently everything is related to technology, It is worth the technology developed not focus on science education only. should be recognized the connection between science and technology can not be separated. Although technology and science are closely intertwined between the two, certainly can be expanded or developed technology, so no need to rely on science. In this case most people see

Nursing Theories Of The Nursing Theory - 1398 Words

Nursing theories provide a foundation for nurses to professionally base their judgment of care. Florence Nightingale was one of the first nursing theorists. Theories composed by Nightingale were comprised of practice-based theories and environmental theories. Nightingale’s environmental theory is composed of 13 cannons which are fundamental to her theory. Nightingale’s theories continue to be used by present day nurses and nursing students. Theories are incorporated into nursing students’ education to influence students’ decisions regarding patients’ health. Nursing theories remain an important foundation for both nurses and nursing students. Florence Nightingale influenced modern day nursing by forming nursing theories concerning patient care. Nightingale formed her theories during the mid-late-nineteenth century. Nursing theories, â€Å"are guiding structures for reasoning and decision making about the person, as well as about the nursing action indicated.† (Alligood, 2010, p. 50). Nightingale is considered, â€Å"the founder of modern nursing† (MacQueen, 2007, p. 29) because she established the first nursing theories. Nightingale used a practice-discipline theory which was intended to, â€Å"bring order out of what otherwise might be chaos.† (Selanders, 2010, p. 3). Practice-based theories are based directly on the practice and outcome during patient care. Many of Nightingale’s theories involved the relationship between the patient and their environment. Nightingale’sShow MoreRelatedNursing Theories And Theories Of Nursing3078 Words   |  13 Pages Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Group Five Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs NURS 3040: Foundations of Nursing Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Theory, what is a theory? According to Blais Hayes, (2011) â€Å"A theory is a supposition or idea that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Theories differ in their scope and have been categorized in different ways. 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There are a number of theories in the field of nursing also which are used to

Management Statistics and Research Methods for Business Decisions

Question: Describe about the Management Statistics and Research Methods for Business Decisions. Answer: Introduction: This document proposes to conduct a research on the factor of relationship marketing and its impact on the customer loyalty. The main topic of this study is that relationship marketing has a strong impact on customer loyalty for Starbucks, Australia. With the emerging global business and increasing competition new strategies have taken an important place besides the traditional strategy of marketing. Every organization tends to expand their market through the most effective marketing strategies. Promotional strategy or product is not enough to achieve stable and successful customer retention. In this regard, relationship marketing has become an integral part of the marketing strategy. To conduct the research Starbucks has been chosen because in the sector of retail food chain, relationship marketing is highly valued by the customers as well as to make the customer loyal to them. With the changed scenario of the global business context, experts have asked to give importance on the relationship marketing. As the main objective of the relationship marketing is to earn more revenue by making the customer happy and satisfied with the standard of the service, a research on this particular topic is absolutely beneficial for every sector . To validate the research literary works done before on this topic have also been included. Moreover, the research methodologies that will be followed during the research have also been mentioned here. Apart from that, operational definitions and measurement are also included here in this research proposal. Moreover, this study has also incorporated the data collection methods and the process for analysis of those collected data that will be conducted during the research. In this regard sampling techniques for the research has been described along with the expected outcome of the research. Literature review: Relationship marketing and its significance have become the matter of studies for last 20 years. As mentioned by, Hollensen (2015), relationship marketing is the approach that influences the development and enhancement of the relationship quality among the customers and business associates. Moreover, Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne (2013), quoted that relationship marketing is the strategy that values the future objectives and profitability by means of committed and loyal relational changes. On addition, relationship marketing evaluates the long-term value of the customer relation and tends to involve better strategies for the communication rather advertising of the products and services (Bejou and Palmer 2013). As per Vivek, Beatty and Morgan (2012), this the age of globalization and internet; people across different parts of the world can be connected with each other. Moreover, the preferences have also been shifted with the time that is why relationship marketing for the custome r retention has become a concerning issue. Research questions and hypotheses: Research questions: Research questions are identified as the foundation of the research as this questions help to obtain the final outcome of the research. The research questions will be: How to align the relationship marketing with customer loyalty for Starbucks in Australia? How can relationship marketing be applied to achieve customer loyalty for Starbucks in Australia? What are the factors that make the relationship marketing feasible to the customer loyalty? Hypotheses For this research proposal, hypotheses are as below: H0: relationship marketing is highly influential for the customer loyalty for Starbucks in Australia. H1: relationship marketing has no impact on the customer loyalty for Starbucks in Australia. Operational definitions and measurement: This is important while conducting a research because operational definition involves the application of perennialization to define a process that is required for the determination of the nature of the variables. As mentioned by, Coleman and Ringrose (2013), maximum operational definitions identify objects with the help of distinguishing it from the background of its empirical experience. Measurement involves evaluation of the variables. Variable can include that has a quality or quantity that varies. There are two types of the variables. One is independent variable and another is the dependent variable. The dependent variable is that one, on which researcher is interested. The change in the dependent variable is the matter focus for the researchers (Ary et al. 2013). For the independent variables, it can be said that it is influential for the dependent variables. Dependent variables are subjected to the manipulation by the researcher as the main concern is to understand whether the change in independent variables is effecting the dependent variables. For this research, the dependent variable is the customer loyalty and the independent variable is the relationship marketing. The researcher can change the relationship marketing to assess the effect of the change on the customer loyalty. Research methodologies: Data Collection and analysis Research methodologies are the theoretical analysis as well as the systematic methods that are applied while conducting any research. Research methodologies encompass the methods and disciplines those are used in the course of a research. Research can be of various types such as basic research, applied research, problem-orientated research, qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is the process where tools like the revision of case studies, surveys, interviews, field studies and observation are followed (Ritchie et al. 2013). Quantitative research is the intervention of the quantifiable data during the research. This approach involves many statistical and numerical explanations (Yilmaz 2013). Sampling techniques: Researchers always follow a particular sampling technique as it is important for the further procession of the research procedures. Choosing of the sample should be done carefully so that maximum valid information can be obtained (Levy and Lemeshow 2013). During the sampling, some ethical considerations must be kept in the mind. Sampling technique, the sample size is very important. For the research, sample will be chosen randomly without any particular criteria. When a random sampling technique is adopted it helps to understand the general opinion, thoughts and expectation (Wilcox et al. 2012). Restricting the sample by gender, age or class can affect the research outcome. As the topic of the research is highly flexible to any kind of sample; random sampling will help in obtaining of real and valid data. However, a smaller sample size will help in maintenance of the budget and time as these are highly influential for the successful accomplishment of a research. The method of analysis: Data is collected prior to the analysis of the information. Data can be collected in two different ways. For the primary data collection, it is required to collect the information from the direct actions like gathering information from survey, interviews, questionnaire etc. Secondary data collection method is the process of taking extract from the works those already exist (Matthews and Ross 2014). For secondary data analysis, articles, journals and books are revised to understand the scenario of the particular topic of the research. For this research, both primary and secondary method of data collection will be adopted so that during the research the present condition on the relationship marketing and its impact on the customer loyalty. Articulation of the opinions and thoughts with the previous finding will make this research more approaching. After the collection of the data, it will be analyzed through qualitative research. Qualitative analysis of the data will help to deepen the explanation of the collected information. Moreover, qualitative research will also involve a critical analysis of the data and identification of the common patterns of the responses. Research process Research process illustrates the steps that will be conducted one after another to reach the conclusion from the research. The research process is important to understand the discipline that will be followed throughout the research. First, the research topic is selected and then the research methodologies. Research methodology should be followed strictly to understand the types of data collection and analysis of that information. A research can only be successful when it is going step by step correctly. The research process can be parted into inquiry, collection, organization a presentation (Bryman 2015). Inquiry involves the searching of appropriate research methodology. For the collection, it indicates the gathering of the information, required for the research completion. The organization is the data analysis and it is a vital segment of a research. The final step is the presentation of the complete research. Expected outcome: The expected outcome of the research will definitely help Starbucks, Australia to make out the importance of the relationship marketing to hold customer loyalty. After revising the result of this research, Starbucks will be able to critical factors regarding the relationship marketing. If the research methodologies are followed accurately it will be helpful in obtaining data with valid information. Revision of this report will help the reader to gain knowledge on the changing context of marketing strategies and their influential factors. Conclusion: This research proposal has been done on the topic of Relationship marketing has a strong impact on the Customer Loyalty for Starbucks in Australia. Ultimate goal of the relationship marketing is to achieve the customer retention and satisfaction. The research will help in the evaluation of this projection. A literature review has also been included to give the research a theoretical consideration. Research questions have been given for a clear idea on the reason behind the research. Apart from that, research methodologies have been described in a detailed account as this part is important. In research methodology, selection of the sampling techniques, data collection from the sample, analysis of those gathering data has been incorporated. Different types of these procedures have been described here. An elaboration of the research process has been given so that the steps can be easily reviewed. A possible outcome of the research and its effect is also included to make this research pr oposal extremely accountable for the conduction of the research. Reference List: Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Sorensen, C.K. and Walker, D., 2013.Introduction to research in education. Cengage Learning. Bejou, D. and Palmer, A., 2013.The future of relationship marketing. Routledge. Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. Christopher, M., Payne, A. and Ballantyne, D., 2013.Relationship marketing. Taylor Francis. Coleman, R. and Ringrose, J. eds., 2013.Deleuze and research methodologies. Edinburgh University Press. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Levy, P.S. and Lemeshow, S., 2013.Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley Sons. Matthews, B. and Ross, L., 2014.Research methods. Pearson Higher Ed. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Vivek, S.D., Beatty, S.E. and Morgan, R.M., 2012. Customer engagement: Exploring customer relationships beyond purchase.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,20(2), pp.122-146. Wilcox, A.B., Gallagher, K.D., Boden-Albala, B. and Bakken, S.R., 2012. Research data collection methods: from paper to tablet computers.Medical care,50, pp.S68-S73. Yilmaz, K., 2013. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Traditions: epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences.European Journal of Education,48(2), pp.311-325.

Accounting For Manager Cost Management Accounting & Control

Question: Discuss about theAccounting For Managerfor Cost Management Accounting Control. Answer: Introduction: A cost budget is a type of financial plan which helps the company to identify its expenses for the next period. Cost budget is important to the organization internally because it helps in the process of planning and creating internal policies. Cost and expenses are the part of business which reduces our profit, bur on the other hand these help us to manufacture goods and provide services. It is necessary for an organization to plan the level of expenses which it can incur (Guerard, 2013). A cost budget helps us to monitor the expenses and also cut down the expenses wherever necessary. In short, it is of utmost importance to the internal organization and plays a leading role in structuring policies. But we should keep in mind that there can be deviations from the budget we prepare. There are a lot of reasons for deviations from budget. Cost is a very unstable element of a business. All the economic, non-economic factors affect the cost to be incurred by the organization (Kirche Sriva stava, 2005). Few factors are in the hands of the organization, while few are not. Therefore, while preparing a budget one should always keep in mind that the actual results may not come out same as they were budgeted. Orchid Ltd, a furniture manufacturer is considered for the purpose of study and the tool of budgetary control is used to create and have a strong management over the cost control. Variances and Explanation Variances normally consist of differences based on level on activity, that is the output and differences based on cost, usage and efficiency that is the expenses (Maher, 2005). The differences based on level of quantity represent the differences between actual quantities sold and budgeted quantity expected to be sold. It can also be refers to as the difference between the actual sale price and budgeted sale price. In the given case we see that the budgeted sales quantity was 800 units whereas the actual quantity sold was 810 units. The variance was not very large. Still the reason of variances can be creation of market of goods for new customers or the image of the organization was improved or was better than what the organization was affecting. Existence of good economic market also can lead to lead to increased actual sales (Maher, 2005). Sale Variances The budgeted sale price of the good was 95 per unit, but in the actual market it was sold for 93. The reasons for drop in sale price can be increased competition. May be the competitors would be selling the same product at a lower price. Selling the products at a lower price tends to create a difference. The total budgeted sales consideration was 76,000 whereas the actual consideration was 75,330. Even after increased volume of sales from that of budgeted quantity, total sales revenue earned was lower than that expected, it was due to fall in the sale price of the goods. The sale price is a major consideration and leads to a difference. Direct Material Variances Variances can happen for various reasons. The differences based on cost, usage and efficiency represent the differences between the budgeted cost and actual cost incurred. Let us consider individual expenses for analysis of variance (Shim Siegel, 2009). The direct material variances consist of two elements variance in volume and variance in price. Variance in volume can be due to increased output or degradation in quality of the material or increased wastages (Houston Brigham, 2009). Variances in price of the material can be due to changes in economies, change in government policies, change in demand of the material, etc (Lanen et. al, 2008). This can be attributed to the external factors. In the given problem we see that the budgeted consumption of material is 8 m whereas the actual consumption was 8.64 meters, also the price of material which was budgeted was 3 per unit which in the actual production was incurred at the rate of 2.75. The total budgeted cost of materials was estim ated to be 19,200 and the actual expense in connection with material was 19,250, even though the consumption of material increased by 0.64m per unit there was a minimal increase in material expense as the price of the material dropped from 3 to 2.75 per unit. Direct Labor Variances Direct labor refers to the labor that is directly employed or used for the production of goods. It is an important element that helps in production of goods. The elements of variances in labor expenses are efficiency of the labor and the rate at which they are paid (Lanen et. al, 2008). If the labor is not efficient then the organization would require to employ a large number laborers but if they are efficient then the work can be completed a few laborers only. Also idle hours can be a reason of variances. The organization is required to pay for the idle time also where there is no productive work (Houston Brigham, 2009). The idle time should be minimized to a considerable extent so that money is not outflow for the idle time. In short, idle time leads to a loss for the organization as a whole. The rate paid to the labor forces is dependent on union demands, the availability of labor, type of labor that is skilled, unskilled etc. here we see that according to the budget 1 hr was to be consumed but each unit produced but actually 1.05hr was spend on production of one unit (Don Maryanne, 2006). This may be due to inefficiency of the labor. The inefficiency of the labor tends to weaken the position of organization because it leads to slow movement and idle time. If the workers are not efficient it leads to distort the entire proceedings and creates a difference. According to the budget prepared the organization planned to pay 25 per hour, instead it actually paid 27.28 per hour to labor. The budgeted expense for labor was 20,000 but in actual the company had to pay 23,191, this was due to inefficiency of labor and also increased labor rates. Fixed Overhead Variances Fixed overhead is generally not considered in per unit terms, but in certain calculations the actual fixed overheads is divided by budgeted units to be sold in order to determine the recovery rate (Don Maryanne, 2006). The budgeted fixed overheads do not change under normal circumstances because the fixed charges are constant in nature and there it remains constant throughout the reporting period. It is only under recovery and over recovery which creates variances in fixed overhead expenses (Don Maryanne, 2006). According to the budget the fixed overhead expenses was 12,800 but the actual fixed overhead recovered was 13,000, this was majorly due to increased sale units and also increases recovery rates. Conclusion Cost is the most easily effected factor of production, any change inside the organization, or in the government polices or in the economic scenario may lead to great changes in cost of production. A budget is just created to make an overview for the company so that they can arrange materials, funds, goods and other requirements so that they can meet up with the demands of the market. But it is not necessary that the actual figure would be exactly as same as that of budget (William, 2010). There are a lot of forces prevailing in the market which affect the demand and supply forces. The demand and supply are one of the major reasons for variances in actual and budgeted cost and revenues of the organization. A budget is a very effective tool of finance which helps the organization to cut costs, improve production, etc. Therefore if the budgetary control is properly applied, it can provide the organization with a lot of benefits. The benefits can be seen in terms of cost, internal polici es and a better management (Guerard, 2013). Budgetary control provides solidity to the internal organization due to which it gets a strong momentum. References Don R. H Maryanne M. M 2006, Cost Management Accounting Control, Ohio: Thomas South-Western Guerard, J. 2013,Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis, New York, NY: Springer. Houston, J.F Brigham, E.F 2009, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Cincinnati, Ohio. Kirche, E. and Srivastava, R, 2005, An ABC-Based Cost Model with Inventory and Order Level Costs: A Comparison with TOC, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 44-68 Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W 2008, Fundamentals of cost accounting, NY: Hang Loose press. Maher, L 2005, Fundamentals of Cost Accounting, McGraw-Hill Shim, J. K Siegel, J. G 2009, Modern Cost Management and Analysis, Barron's Education Series William, L 2010, Practical Financial Management, South-Western College.